Propositions - Revision history

GSalmieri: /* §1.1. */

2022-08-19T20:35:38Z

§1.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 19 August 2022
Line 41:		Line 41:
	Sentences 3a and 3b are two different ways of asserting the same proposition in English. 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.		Sentences 3a and 3b are two different ways of asserting the same proposition in English. 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.

	Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above:		Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above: "Even though Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, the Senate should have convicted Donald Trump at both of his impeachment trials."

	~~<blockquote>~~
	Even though Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, the Senate should have convicted Donald Trump at both of his impeachment trials.
	~~</blockquote>~~

	Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.		Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.

	Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t ''really'' the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations ~~and you might~~ think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people ''believe'' or ''disbelieve'' each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people ~~of them~~. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.		Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t ''really'' the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations. Some people think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people ''believe'' or ''disbelieve'' each of these propositions (and many other evaluations) as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people that these propositions are true or falce. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.

GSalmieri: /* §1.1. */

2022-08-19T20:32:47Z

§1.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 19 August 2022
Line 39:		Line 39:
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Sentences 3a and 3b are ~~alternative~~ ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.		Sentences 3a and 3b are two different ways of asserting the same proposition in English. 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.

	Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence ~~asserting it~~, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above: ~~“Hillary~~ Clinton would have been an awful president, ~~but~~ the Senate should have convicted Donald Trump at both of his impeachment trials.”		Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above:

			<blockquote>
			Even though Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, the Senate should have convicted Donald Trump at both of his impeachment trials.
			</blockquote>

	Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.		Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.

	Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t ''really'' the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people ''believe'' or ''disbelieve'' each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.		Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t ''really'' the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people ''believe'' or ''disbelieve'' each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.

GSalmieri: /* §1.1. */

2022-08-19T20:30:28Z

§1.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 19 August 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:
	Before we discuss arguments in earnest, it will be helpful to say a bit about propositions, which are the smaller units of thought from which arguments are composed. A proposition is the sort of thought that is capable of being true or false, believed or disbelieved, and asserted or denied. Such thoughts are asserted by declarative sentences. Here are some examples:		Before we discuss arguments in earnest, it will be helpful to say a bit about propositions, which are the smaller units of thought from which arguments are composed. A proposition is the sort of thought that is capable of being true or false, believed or disbelieved, and asserted or denied. Such thoughts are asserted by declarative sentences. Here are some examples:

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~		<blockquote>
	\|-		'''1.''' Healthy grass is green.
	\|'''1.''' Healthy grass is green.
	\|'''6.''' ~~Stalin was evil~~.		'''2.''' O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown.
	\|-
	\|'''2.''' O. J. ~~Simpson killed Nicole Brown~~.		'''3.''' Twice two is four.
	\|'''7.''' Joe Biden is the 46th President of the United States.
	\|-		'''4.''' Twice two is five.
	~~\|'''3.''' Twice two is four.~~
	\|'''8.''' Either a Republican or a Democrat will win the 2024 Presidential election.		'''5.''' Many diseases are caused by bacteria.
	\|-
	~~\|'''4.''' Twice two is five.~~		'''6.''' Stalin was evil.
	\|'''9.''' The Senate should have convicted Donald Trump in both of his impeachment trials.
	\|-		'''7.''' Joe Biden is the 46th President of the United States.
	~~\|'''5.''' Many diseases are caused by bacteria.~~
	\|'''10.''' Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president.		'''8.''' Either a Republican or a Democrat will win the 2024 Presidential election.
	\|}
			'''9.''' The Senate should have convicted Donald Trump in both of his impeachment trials.

			'''10.''' Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president.
			</blockquote>

	The proposition is not the same thing as the sentence asserting it because the same thought can be asserted by different sentences. For example, here are several different ways of asserting Proposition 3 from the list above:		The proposition is not the same thing as the sentence asserting it because the same thought can be asserted by different sentences. For example, here are several different ways of asserting Proposition 3 from the list above:

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~		<blockquote>
	\|-		'''3a.''' Twice two is four.
	\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.~~\|\|\|~~'''3b.''' Two times two is four. ~~\|\|\|~~ '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 ~~\|\|\|~~ '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. ~~\|\|\|~~ '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。
	\|}		'''3b.''' Two times two is four.

			'''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4

			'''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre.

			'''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。
			</blockquote>

	Sentences 3a and 3b are alternative ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.		Sentences 3a and 3b are alternative ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.

89.64.83.131 at 00:53, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T00:53:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:53, 17 August 2022
Line 34:		Line 34:
	Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.		Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.

	Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t really the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people believe or disbelieve each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.		Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t ''really'' the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people ''believe'' or ''disbelieve'' each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.

GSalmieri: /* §1.1. */

2022-08-14T17:57:00Z

§1.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 14 August 2022
Line 30:		Line 30:
	Sentences 3a and 3b are alternative ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.		Sentences 3a and 3b are alternative ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.

	Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence asserting it, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above: “Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, but Donald Trump ~~should be impeached~~.”		Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence asserting it, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above: “Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, but the Senate should have convicted Donald Trump at both of his impeachment trials.”

	Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.		Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.

	Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t really the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people believe or disbelieve each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.		Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t really the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people believe or disbelieve each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.

GSalmieri: /* §1.1. */

2022-08-14T17:55:20Z

§1.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 14 August 2022
Line 9:		Line 9:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''2.''' O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown.		\|'''2.''' O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown.
	\|'''7.''' ~~Donald Trump~~ is the ~~45th~~ President of the United States.		\|'''7.''' Joe Biden is the 46th President of the United States.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''3.''' Twice two is four.		\|'''3.''' Twice two is four.
	\|'''8.''' Either ~~Trump~~ or a Democrat will win the ~~2020~~ election.		\|'''8.''' Either a Republican or a Democrat will win the 2024 Presidential election.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''4.''' Twice two is five.		\|'''4.''' Twice two is five.
	\|'''9.''' Donald Trump ~~should be impeached~~.		\|'''9.''' The Senate should have convicted Donald Trump in both of his impeachment trials.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''5.''' Many diseases are caused by bacteria.		\|'''5.''' Many diseases are caused by bacteria.

Pooyamo at 13:26, 9 August 2022

2022-08-09T13:26:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 9 August 2022
Line 27:		Line 27:
	\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|\|\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。		\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|\|\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。
	\|}		\|}

			Sentences 3a and 3b are alternative ways of asserting the same proposition in English, 3c is a way of asserting it in mathematical notation, 3d is a way of asserting it in French, and 3e is a way of asserting it in Chinese.

			Another reason why a proposition is not the same thing as a sentence asserting it, is that propositions can be asserted as parts of more complex sentences that include multiple propositions. For example, here’s a sentence that asserts both Propositions 9 and 10 from the list above: “Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president, but Donald Trump should be impeached.”

			Some of the propositions from the list above are uncontroversially true and others are uncontroversially false. I expect that everyone in the class will all agree that Propositions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are true and that Proposition 4 is false. We will probably disagree over some of the others—with some students thinking they’re true and others thinking they’re false.

			Some of you may think that some of the propositions we may disagree over aren’t really the sort of things that can be true or false at all. In particular, some of you may think this about Propositions 6, 9, and 10, because these propositions express evaluations and you might think that evaluations aren’t the sorts of things that can be true or false. But even if you think this, you’ll have noticed that many people believe or disbelieve each of these propositions as though they were true or false, and they make arguments to try to convince other people of them. So, to understand their role in arguments you’ll have to treat them as the sort of thing that can be true or false.

Pooyamo at 13:25, 9 August 2022

2022-08-09T13:25:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 9 August 2022
Line 5:		Line 5:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''1.'''Healthy grass is green.		\|'''1.''' Healthy grass is green.
	\|'''6.'''Stalin was evil.		\|'''6.''' Stalin was evil.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''2.'''O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown.		\|'''2.''' O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown.
	\|'''7.'''Donald Trump is the 45th President of the United States.		\|'''7.''' Donald Trump is the 45th President of the United States.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''3.'''Twice two is four.		\|'''3.''' Twice two is four.
	\|'''8.'''Either Trump or a Democrat will win the 2020 election.		\|'''8.''' Either Trump or a Democrat will win the 2020 election.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''4.'''Twice two is five.		\|'''4.''' Twice two is five.
	\|'''9.'''Donald Trump should be impeached.		\|'''9.''' Donald Trump should be impeached.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''5.'''Many diseases are caused by bacteria.		\|'''5.''' Many diseases are caused by bacteria.
	\|'''10.'''Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president.		\|'''10.''' Hillary Clinton would have been an awful president.
	\|}		\|}

Pooyamo at 13:25, 9 August 2022

2022-08-09T13:25:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 9 August 2022
Line 25:		Line 25:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。		\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|\|\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。
	\|}		\|}

Pooyamo at 13:24, 9 August 2022

2022-08-09T13:24:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:24, 9 August 2022
Line 24:		Line 24:

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|		\|-
	\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。		\|'''3a.''' Twice two is four.\|'''3b.''' Two times two is four. \|\|\| '''3c.''' 2 x 2 = 4 \|\|\| '''3d.''' Deux fois deux c'est quatre. \|\|\| '''3e.''' 兩次兩次是四次。
	\|}		\|}